Patterns of Economic Development and the Formation of Clubs

This study investigates the sources of heterogeneity across a worldwide set of countries. Unspecified ex ante and unanticipated cultural (Protestant versus Catholic), geographical (continents), and institutional (OECD versus non-OECD) clubs emerge endogenously and naturally as homogeneous classes on the basis of their economic structure. The dynamics both within and across the identified groups of countries are consistent with multiple equilibrium-growth models proposed by, for instance, Azariadis and Drazen (1990), therefore strengthening the viability of the convergence club hypothesis. In particular, higher stages of development are, on average, non linearly associated with higher stages of growth.     

Food insecurity,poverty and the Malawian Starter Pack: Fresh start or false start?

Chronic food insecurity and chronic poverty are closely related in Malawi. Since independence in 1964 national food security has been a key policy objective. However, until the 1990s less emphasis was placed on the household dimensions of food security and its links with chronic poverty. In the last decade a number of initiatives have been used in Malawi to tackle the issue of household food insecurity. One of the most controversial has been the Starter Pack programme launched in 1998. Initially consisting of a free handout of packs of improved maize seed, legumes and fertiliser to every small holder farm household in Malawi the scheme, under donor pressure, was subsequently scaled down to become a form of targeted social safety net programme. This paper analyses the strengths and weakness of both the original programme and its scaled down version and assesses the reason for the considerable opposition to the programme from Malawi’s donor community. Although Starter Pack is no longer operative in Malawi the Malawian experience is used to derive lessons for other countries where household food insecurity is an important dimension of chronic poverty.     

靶向给药的新载体——树枝状聚合物

树枝状聚合物（dendrimer）是一种新近发展起来的纳米级聚合物,具有树枝状的骨架和球状外形,树枝状分支的末端连接数目众多的活性官能团。药物既可以被包封在树枝状聚合物骨架内部的空腔,也可以化学偶联在树枝状聚合物表面的官能团上。表面的官能团还能同时连接多种对机体某些器官、组织和细胞有特异性相互作用的靶向配基,从而将包封的药物或者偶联的药物带到病变部位实现靶向治疗。同时,树枝状聚合物粒径很小,范围从G0代到G10代只有1～15nm,偶联药物之后也不会超过30nm,这样的粒径范围使得以树枝状聚合物为基础制备的纳米粒具有较强的高通透高滞留效应效应（enhanced permeability and retention,EPR）,从而对肿瘤组织实现被动靶向给药．     

城市反贫困问题研究

20世纪90年代以后中国城市贫困率呈上升趋势,本系统地分析和阐释了城市扶贫战略的社会意义、城市贫困与可持续发展、城市扶贫制度创新,认为在城市反盆困战略中,应选择以绝对贫困人口为对象、满足贫困人口基本需要为核心的城市扶贫战略。     

Prospects of basket production in promoting sustainable rural livelihoods in the Okavango Delta,Botswana

This paper uses the concept of sustainable rural livelihoods and income diversification to assess the role that basket making as a cultural tourism activity can play in improving rural livelihoods in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Using both primary and secondary data sources, this paper points out that shocks and natural causes such as drought, disease and changing flood levels in the Okavango River, particularly the drying of the Thaoge (one of the distributaries of the Okavango), have contributed to a decline in livestock and crop yields and increased poverty levels in the region. Therefore, alternative livelihood options that can diversify rural incomes from agricultural production need to be identified. This paper argues that basket making has the potential to diversify rural incomes and improve livelihoods in the Okavango. Baskets are a cultural tourism product that can raise income earning and employment opportunities for rural residents in the Okavango. For this to be successful, basket making will need to be developed as part of cultural tourism. A sustainable cultural tourism sector where baskets are key products requires the sustainable use of natural resources used for basket making. These resources are at present overharvested and are threatened with depletion. There is also a need to promote the empowerment of basket weavers particularly in entrepreneurship and managerial skills in the tourism business, attract young and educated people and promote the preservation of traditional basket making skills, which are important in the development of cultural tourism. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

论"社会排斥"与农村"新贫困"

近年来,中国农村贫困人口减少的速度趋于缓慢,农村"新贫困"现象严重.本文分析了中国农村新贫困特点,运用"社会排斥"理论着重分析了农村返贫致贫的制度性原因,在于农民经济、政治、社会权利缺失.     

关于西部地区缓解城乡就业矛盾对策探讨

随着西部大开发战略的提出,西部迎来了经济发展的机遇和挑战。西部有丰富的人力和资源优势,但由于生产力水平低,人口、资源和环境矛盾突出,城乡就业问题异常严重,成为西部地区社会、经济、文化落后的重要原因。缓解城乡就业是推动西部地区经济腾飞,促进人口、资源和环境协调发展的关键。     

可行性能力：农村妇女的贫困与反贫匪——基于广水市C乡的实证研究

农村妇女面临着经济上贫困化和政治上边缘化,如何实现农村贫困妇女的反贫困,使她们自身和家庭的生存条件有所改善,实现她们的生存权和发展权。有关学者已从社会性别、公共政策、小额信贷、地权、法律、教育等视角进行研究,文章的着力点在提升农村妇女反贫困的可行性能力的研究上,从分析农村妇女贫困的现状和原因入手,阐明了从可行性能力视角进行切入的必要性。     

关于加快贫困国有林场脱贫步伐的建议

在对全国4507处国有林场全面摸底调查的基础上,指出全国目前有3700个林场属贫困林场。这些林场存在基础设施极为薄弱,生产生活条件极为艰苦、经济十分危困等问题。提出了实施规模扶贫、创新脱贫模式等推进改革创新的思路。     

Stochastic dominance and decomposable measures of inequality and poverty

In this paper, we characterize some new links between stochastic dominance and the measurement of inequality and poverty. We show that: for second-degree normalized stochastic dominance (NSD), the weighted area between the NSD curve of a distribution and that of the equalized distribution is a decomposable inequality measure; for first-degree and second-degree censored stochastic dominance (CSD), the weighted area between the CSD curve of a distribution and that of the zero-poverty distribution is a decomposable poverty measure. These characterizations provide graphical representations for decomposable inequality and poverty measures in the same manner as Lorenz curve does for the Gini index. The extensions of the links to higher degrees of stochastic dominance are also investigated.